Not using custodial solutions is not a solution! Sometimes it makes sense. Why you only see the negative aspect of custodial solutions? Iam willing to loose some sats i use for my daily spendings if i get more privacy and functionality. With ecash you can literally print your own money (iou) and give it offline to somebody else. You can do it even physically by handing over a banknote. You can even be in the desert without internet access or electronic device.

Covenants is another solution that does not exist yet. It also is a L2 solution. Cashu does exist today and i would say it is a L3 solution and an improvement of custodial services that are being used since many years.