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By population.
The constitution says that taxes have to be levied uniformly. Nothing's more uniform than x amount per person.
In other words, a capitation tax. As long as it is not a variable tax, I guess that meets the qualifications, but if they decide to make it progressive, legitimacy may change.
The states could collect it in a progressive or regressive fashion. I'm not aware of any restrictions on how states gather taxes other than not being allowed to specifically target protected classes.
Hmm……. I still have trepidations about the states doing this. I just happen to live in one of those crazier states and wouldn’t trust the government or the governor further than I can telekinetically move him out of the governor’s mansion!
How do you propose to apportion the total tax bill? By population, by wealth, by acreage? The apportionment style becomes the sticking point. The constitution has something to say about that if I remember correctly.