All the European powers turned to fiat money at the outbreak of WW1. They never returned to a true gold standard. They ended up both militarily and monetarily subservient to the USA and its FED which is owned by Jewish bankers and which operates the grandest fiat monetary hegemony ever over the entire planet. Chinas mercantile expansion and independence from Jewish bankers is a challenge they face now. The Saudis have joined mBridge and sell more of their oil to China than any other market. Iran and Russia already sell their oil and gas to China via CIPS and other protocols outside of the SWIFT/ fiat USD petrodollar protocol.