this is what distinguishes colonialism from neocolonialism.

In "old" colonialism, countries occupied their colonies and looted them directly.

In neocolonialism, they lend these countries money with odious terms, make them dependent on the debt, require repayment in a currency they can't print, then make it harder for them to obtain that currency (through IMF "restructuring" demands that make sure nothing of much value-add is produced there that could be exported). Permanent debt trap, and the ability to loot the country without having to send colonial troops.