We're at an impasse, then, because I'm only an expert in American labor economics. I would suggest doing a quick search in the econ literature because someone should have done this analysis for somewhere in Europe.

Undisciplined

I am not so sure about that. I can speak from my own personal experience. I have always had fixed number of hours in the contract without any operator. Currently, 38.5 hours per week. Labor law even says I cannot have more than 44h per week, or similar, not sure about that. And I think this is in general true in many EU countries. Don’t know much about the rest of the world.

oliverweiss

charts_and_numbers

Gender Wage Gap

It's most pronounced in professional class jobs. "Full-time" is defined as an inequality: i.e. working at least 35 hours a week. Within that inequality there's a distribution and in that distribution men work more hours on average.