Language models have demonstrated remarkable abilities in producing a wide range of compelling text based on prompts provided by users. However, defining what constitutes “good” text is challenging, as it often depends on personal preferences and the specific context. For instance, in storytelling, creativity is key; in crafting informative content, accuracy and reliability are crucial; and when generating code, ensuring it runs correctly is essential. Hence the “LLM alignment problem,” which refers to the challenge of ensuring that large language models (LLMs) act in ways that are consistent with human values, intentions, and preferences.