There is another phenomena that has empowered bureaucracies at the expense of the voters, namely, the use of “national security” in the post-World War II period as a pretext to exempt certain bureaucrats from administrative and budgetary oversight and effectively placing them outside the rule of law. University of California, Berkeley Professor Emeritus Peter Dale Scott popularized the phrase “Deep State” to characterize how elements of an intelligence community—capable of executing covert operations under cover of plausible deniability—can exploit secrecy, black budgets, penetration of private and governmental institutions, and informal networking with special interests, organized crime, and foreign intelligence agencies to exercise power independently of the elected officials they nominally serve, even to sometimes turn against these officials.