The entire document is based on trust assumptions, because it naively / ignorantly / dishonestly presupposes that Bitcoin's scaling limitations are a function of its throughput.
This is nonsense used by scammers to fundraise trusted fake L2's and for NGO's to astroturf hostile changes to Bitcoin.
Level set:
You cannot use Bitcoin in a trustless way without transacting on the base chain unilaterally.
Doing so with any level of sustainability requires you have at least 5, preferably 6, digits worth of sats.
The number of individuals/organizations who will posess 5+ digit sats are far below any transactional throughput limitations.
Scams like Ark claim to scale Bitcoin transactions to <5 digit dust collectors, but that's only achieved through trust, since the same dust collectors the product would cater too cannot afford to use the Bitcoin chain to arbitrate their claims.