There are certain discoveries that have irreversibly shaped modern and contemporary human society, creating new visions of humanity and society—sometimes with fortunate consequences, other times with unfortunate ones.

The first is the discovery of the thinking "I" by Descartes, followed by Kant, German idealism, and French existentialism—excluding Heideggerian existentialism.

The second is the discovery of homo oeconomicus by Marx, where philosophy and knowledge in general lose their abstract nature and take on a transformative role in society. Philosophy becomes action.

The third discovery is the Freudian unconscious. After this, neither art, literature, nor anthropology could ever avoid engaging with it on any page or in any line.

The fourth discovery is the general theory of relativity by Einstein, which, along with quantum physics, brought a radical shift in hypotheses about the origin of the universe—and beyond. It also redefined humanity’s place in the cosmos.

Any thoughts?