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CISA (Cross-Input Signature Aggregation) Explained


CISA is a way to combine multiple signature from a transaction into one
This is made possible thanks to the linearity property of Schnorr signatures, which enables aggregation of multiple signatures into a single one.
Originally, CISA was considered for inclusion in Taproot, but the idea was abandoned to keep Taproot simple and manageable.

⚠️ Don’t confuse CISA with protocols like MuSig or FROST
Signature aggregation ≠ Key aggregation

CISA vs Key Aggregation

Difference #1:


Difference #2:

  • Key Aggregation: The verifier only needs the aggregated public key and a single message.
  • CISA: The verifier needs all the individual public keys and their corresponding messages.

Difference #3:

  • CISA is used during transaction signing
  • MuSig is used during address creation

There are two types of CISA:
  • Half-Agg
  • Full-Agg
🧵 We’ll explain them in upcoming posts.

More Resources

10 sats \ 2 replies \ @OT 24 Mar
This is what I needed!
Still reading this:
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will break down this into multiple posts this week
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Thanks! time to read.
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forgot to include this important info in the first post 😬 here it is:
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will this be the next implementation or are we fine with taproot?
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Wen CISA?
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