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Dark Matter and Dark Energy: Ordinary matter (everything we can see and touch) makes up less than 5% of the universe. About 27% is dark matter, which does not emit light but exerts gravitational effects, and about 68% is dark energy, a mysterious force driving the universe’s accelerated expansion.
Size and Scale
The observable universe is at least 93 billion light-years across, but the total size may be much greater and possibly infinite.
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The universe is isotropic and homogeneous on large scales, meaning it looks the same in all directions and locations when viewed at a sufficiently large scale.
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Cosmic Inflation: In the first fraction of a second, the universe underwent a rapid expansion called inflation, which set the stage for its large-scale structure.
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Formation of Structures: As the universe cooled, subatomic particles formed atoms, which eventually coalesced into stars, galaxies, and larger structures.
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Fundamental Forces
The universe is governed by four fundamental forces:
Gravity
Electromagnetic force
Strong nuclear force
Weak nuclear force
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The Multiverse Hypothesis
Some scientists propose that our universe could be just one of many in a larger "multiverse," each with its own physical laws and properties. This idea remains speculative and is not yet empirically testable.