plunda

builders



![image](https://m.stacker.news/66210)

---

[plunda.co](https://plunda.co) is a bitcoin powered collectibles exchange. buy, sell & swap collectibles digitally, take physical custody when you're ready

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_E2KCgbAmRE

### idea

i've been playing with the idea of building a peer-2-peer digital marketplace for a while now, my fascination with these type of digital economies comes from playing games as a kid, specifically RuneScape - a mmorpg with a large in-game economy.

### how it works

all the collectibles are stored at plunda HQ securely, plunda photographs and then lists the collectibles on the app which makes them available for user to buy. once bought, they'll live in the user's "bank". the user can then exchange the collectible with other users, or take physical custody.

down the line, users will be able to deposit their own collectibles into their digital bank by shipping them to plunda HQ for processing. for now however, all the collectibles are supplied to plunda by trusted coin dealers.

### rationale

the idea behind [plunda.co](https://plunda.co) is to bring a much higher level of liquidity into the collector marketplace. if you're a coin collector in meat-space you'll often times pay near 50% transaction fee on a purchase or sale, especially on lower value items. for example, if you buy a \$5 coin on ebay, you'd be lucky to get \$2.50 back when you sell it - after all the fees and expenses.

collectibles are stuck in meat-space, they're boxed in and weighed down by the fact that they are physical. they're getting left behind in the internet era. with plunda, collectibles could flow like water at the speed of light. easy to trade, swap, buy and sell. globally, digitally, instantly with tiny fees.

as well as improving liquidity and lowering transaction cost and friction, plunda also aims to offer many other benefits such as: authenticity guarantee, insurance, social features and insights into your collection.

we also see an aging collector landscape, it's my hope that plunda can inspire a younger generation and introduce them to collecting. millennials and the younger generations are tech-savy and excited by gamified products, especially when they can earn some cash. i'm excited to see what i can build!

### early access

for plunda's initial release it will inherently have a niche audience. i'm looking for those select few bitcoiners who also happen to be coin collectors.

![image](https://m.stacker.news/66207)

if you are such a rare breed, please get in touch, you're my perfect early adopter! i'd love to hear your thoughts, and get you signed up (you'll need an access code to get your account approved)

you can find my email on the [plunda.co](https://plunda.co) homepage or simply post here on SN.

down the line once the product has been honed, built out, battle tested and there's a robust legal framework in place - i'm keen to expand the app into the fiat world as well as other collectible asset types and bring the product to as many people as possible.

### top builder

we'll be competing in this year's Top Builder by PlebLab! excited to see what happens.

![image](https://m.stacker.news/66205)

### Roadmap

there's a ton of features i'd like to build - but first - i need to find my early adopters and through them attempt to answer some fundamental question:

- is there potential to create a virtual economy around custodial collectibles?
- do people even want something like this?
- do people enjoy using it?
- do i need to branch out away from coins and into more relevant collectibles, e.g. Pokemon cards or NFTs?

once the fundamentals have been established, i've got a long list of features to build - most likely the list will change on-the-fly as I learn more about how people use the app, but here it is as things stands:

- social features, like private chat, online status,
- more marketplace features
- security - trading password, 2fa
- additional PWA features
- improve notifications - add email notifications & granular push notifications
- admin features for moderating, management, editing etc
- design and UX improvements
- enabling lightning withdrawals
- building currency sell, deposit and withdrawal features
- fiat integration
- build a system that allows users to deposit their own collectibles by sending them to plunda HQ
- improve on UI and admin features to prevent scammers using the app
- advanced sort, search and filtering
- support and marketing pages

### feedback

reply here on SN with any feedback, ideas, or questions.

### notes

@davidw has written a fantastic post you should read: https://stacker.news/items/495408
do collectibles have a future? and could plunda be part of that story?


plunda.co - the future of collectibles?

culture

The Collectible Culture

davidw

fantastic post @davidw, just came across it while searching the SN archive for research on a post i'm putting together.

history

A piece of history and a store of value.

awesome, wanna fire me an email in that case? or prefer to talk elsewhere?

Store your wealth in clay

definitely worth being critical of these things. however there are first hand accounts from ancient romans who stumbled across these cities and they were already collapsed ruins back then. 

that's a great addition to this post. would be a very cool way to store a seed phrase. thanks for sharing!

# Ancient mesopotamia

Ancient mesopotamia is a tract of land following the Tigris and Euphrates rivers which run through modern day Iraq and Syria. It's often called the cradle of civilization, and as far as we know, is the birth place of cities.

Some of the cities of this region are mind boggling old. For example, the city of Eridu is thought to have been founded 7500 years ago.

![image](https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1024xn/p0cv0dsc.jpg.webp)

> Reconstructed Ziggurat of Ur in modern day Iraq

These cities were able to flourish because of clever irrigation that channeled river water rich in silt deposits from the Euphrates and Tigris which made the soil incredibly fertile. However, the same hand that giveth, also taketh: These silt deposits contained salts, which over centuries built up and rendered the soil infertile.

![image](https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/171EA/production/_96089649_gettyimages-96160465.jpg.webp)

> The ruins of Uruk and other Mesopotamian cities were littered with mysterious little clay objects

The history is long and fascinating - but I won't get into it too much here. The Fall of Civilizations podcast has a couple of great episodes for anyone interested: [The Sumerians](https://soundcloud.com/fallofcivilizations/8-the-sumerians-fall-of-the-first-cities) & [The Assyrians](https://soundcloud.com/fallofcivilizations/13-the-assyrians-empire-of-iron)

I wanted to talk about briefly about one of the oldest forms of money. Money that was used before gold and silver and coins. The Clay Tablet.

![image](https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/976/cpsprodpb/1391/production/_96190050_5f4c30fc-38b2-49d9-9f9a-1f57d07cce4c.jpg.webp)

Ancient peoples used clay tablets as a way to keep track of grain trades. These clay tablets started a system similar to modern banking. They were used to record transactions and introduced a new way of trusting and keeping promises.

There's a great article here explaining how this worked in more detail: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-39870485

Of course, these tablets would have held significant counter-party risk. What if there wasn't enough grain to go around? What if more tablets were issued than could be redeemed? What if the city was besieged or destroyed and the owner had to fee?

Additionally, these tablets would have only been valid in the city in which they were issued. For this reason, as inter-city trade increased, and gold and silver coins were invented, coins started to become the predominant form of money.

Bitcoin offers the same ledger capabilities as clay tablets as well as the same bearer-asset properties as gold. Bitcoin takes the best of all historic monies, and combines them into one. We've come a long way from the days of clay tablets.

![image](https://miro.medium.com/v2/resize:fit:1100/format:webp/1*FA_lOYnuoabVXneGWU37Wg.png)

health

As the allegedly Chinese proverb/curse goes "may you live in interesting times"
(i first heard this saying from Terry Pratchett's great book title "interesting times", anyone else read that?)

We are undoubtedly living through interesting times. but there are plenty of historical examples of upheaval and change.

If you could choose a historical time in the past, where would you go?
It's a hard question so personally gunna choose a couple:
* Egypt during the bronze age collapse: although it would have been savage, it would be fascinating to see first hand the "Sea people" and to unravel the mystery of who they were and where the came from 

> The collapse was sudden, violent, and culturally disruptive for many Bronze Age civilizations, creating a sharp material decline for the region's previously existing powers.

* The ancient cities of mesopotamia, the birthplace of civilization and some of the first cities. would love to drink a beer there and soak up the atmosphere 

> If you could travel back in time to one of the bustling cities of ancient Mesopotamia (c. 4000–330 B.C.), for example, you would have no trouble finding yourself a bar or a beer. Beer was the beverage of choice in Mesopotamia. In fact, to be a Mesopotamian was to drink beer. 


may you live in interesting times...

What are you working on this week?

building some little features for a new app I'm working on and testing the UIs!

bitcoin

What kind of new hardware devices will emerge for Bitcoin in the next 5 years?

LNRocks

it would be cool to see a hardware wallet built directly into an android phone. 

Let's play a game... with Card Money.

made a new post here: https://stacker.news/items/762799

let me know your thoughts :)

# Card money

Card money is a interesting fiat invention. A type of fiat money printed on playing cards!

![image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Monnaie_de_Cartes_%28colonie_de_Louisiane%29.jpg/1024px-Monnaie_de_Cartes_%28colonie_de_Louisiane%29.jpg)

> Fancy a game of cards?

It was used in New France (a vast area now covering much of the US and Canada) during the days of colonial expansion into the Americas.

![image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/New_France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/768px-New_France_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png)

The administration of New France counted on the arrival of cash from France in order to pay civil servants, suppliers, soldiers and clerks. There was confusion if the ship did not arrive until the end of the season, and even more if it did not come at all. In 1685, Intendant Jacques de Meulles invented a type of paper money with the purpose of meeting the expenses. He printed various face values on playing cards and affixed his seal to them. When the king’s ship arrived, he redeemed this “card money” in cash.

This highlights the importance of fast cross-border settlement that Bitcoin allows for.

![image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Obverse%2Breverse%2C_playing_card_money_%28billets_de_confiance%29%2C_Saint-Maixent.jpg)

> Pretty cool, but ultimately still a shit coin.

Card money was not the only form of paper money of course, an estimated 5500 different types of paper money were issued in New France during 1790 and 1793 alone.

![image](https://i0.wp.com/www.historyworkshop.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/N%C3%AEmes-billet.jpg?resize=344%2C428)

> How confusing would it be to run a business with 5500 different notes flying around?

This highlights how useful it is for money to be fungible. 1 sat = 1 sat.

According to Wikipedia, counterfeiters could be caned, branded, flogged, or even hanged - but the incentive was too strong and counterfeiting was a problem with this currency.

Now try counterfeiting Bitcoin and see how far you get...

However it was inflation that ultimately led to the decline of card money.

![image](https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/f1733c26-ebb9-45c6-be6b-aecf8c7a9503.jpg)

This highlights in a playful way how important is is for money to be limited in supply, and not just a political tool to be printed at will.

Hard supply cap, anyone?

# sources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_money#:~:text=Card%20money%20is%20a%20type,to%20the%20early%2019th%20century.
https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/capitalism/radical-object-billets-de-confiance/
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/playing-card-money


haha thanks, i think I'll keep the next one a bit shorter and try to tie it into bitcoin a little more

Money revolution: Liberté, égalité, fraternité

thanks 🙏 
probably a bit long for most people on here

perfect, that's the best way to travel. will you be sharing any of your experiences and adventures on SN? (maybe you already are but I've missed the posts?)

nice, sounds good!
the article turned into a bit of a behemoth haha i think I'll keep next week's one a bit shorter.
where are you travelling?

Here's the writeup!
https://stacker.news/items/758631

# Money revolution: Liberté, égalité, fraternité

The French Revolution is a fascinating and hugely significant historical event that altered the course of western history and eventually the whole world.

There are endless rabbit holes that you can go down, but for a brief overview you can watch this entertaining video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJEbiiYDlkE

It's a very interesting and complex subject, with many twists and turns, influential characters, high idealism, intrigues, plots, counter-plots, violence, suffering and human tragedy.

I'm going to try and keep this post as factual as possible and focus on key events as they relate to the money of France - before, during and after the revolutionary war. I'll cover a period of roughly 30 years from circa 1780 to 1810.

# Before the revolution

Before the French Revolution there were many types of coins in France. It was a pretty complicated system and nothing like the metric system we're used to today.

The French Livre (from Latin libra "pound") was the unit of account. Historically it had been a weight of one pound of silver - but obviously a coin weighing a whole pound would be extremely large and heavy. So, only smaller denominations were minted, but over year of debasement larger denominations were issued too.

In the years before the Revolution things had changed a bit. A Livre was pegged to gold, with 1 Livre being worth about 0.34g of gold. There was a further peg to silver at a ratio of 1:15, making 1 Livre about 5 grams of silver.

As I've already said, the Livre was a unit of account. It was subdivided into 20 sols, 1 sol was in turn subdivided into 12 deniers. But to make things more complicated, many of the names of French coins were not the same as the units of account.

For example:

A 1 Louis d'Or coin from 1786 - worth 24 Livre
![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photos/france/5ea1b7b4ec61b2.64251070-original.jpg)
![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photos/france/5ea1b7b50095e4.35827593-original.jpg)

A 2 Louis d'Or coin from 1786 - worth 48 Livre
![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photos/france/5ea1b7b78d08d9.04913541-original.jpg)
![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photos/france/5ea1b7b790de38.85636446-original.jpg)

1 Écu coin from 1785 was worth 6 Livre
![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photos/france/5ea1b7b7e513d4.09660250-original.jpg)
![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photos/france/5ea1b7b7e8d6a5.38678982-original.jpg)

⅒ Écu coin from 1781 was worth about 1.67 Livre
![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photos/france/5ea1b7a0942958.04003831-original.jpg)
![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photos/france/5ea1b7a09d2970.46310427-360.jpg)

There were also copper coins issued:

A 1 Liard from 1788 and worth 3 Deniers
![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photos/france/5ea1b79ebedf20.59721364-original.jpg)
![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photos/france/5ea1b79ecfd167.50303506-original.jpg)

Complicated, right? Well it gets worse: there was paper money too.

The first French paper money was issued in 1701 and was denominated in Livres Tournois. However, the notes did not hold their value relative to silver due to massive over–production. A familiar story.

A 6 Livres Tournois banknote from 1768
![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photos/iles_france_bourbon_period/6540d0ffc9d205.24501097-original.jpg)

And a much earlier 100 Livre banknote from 1720
![image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/FRA-A17b-La_Banque_Royale-100_livres_Tournois_%281720%29.jpg)

# Revolutionary years

A brief timeline of the French Revolution:

- 1788: The royal treasury is empty, setting the stage for the revolution
- 1789: The Estates-General meets in Versailles, but is unable to reach an agreement on voting.
- July 14, 1789: The storming of the Bastille takes place in Paris
- August 27, 1789: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is issued
- October 4, 1789: The Women's March on Versailles takes place
- 1791: The Royal Family attempts to flee Paris but is unsuccessful
- August 10, 1792: The Storming of the Tuileries takes place, leading to the downfall of the King
- December 10, 1792 – January 21, 1793: The trial and execution of Louis XVI takes place
- June 1793: The Reign of Terror begins
- October 16, 1793: Marie-Antoinette is executed

Although Louis XVI had been beheaded on January 21, 1793, coins were still issued with his portrait and retained most of the characteristics of the previous regime, including weight and denomination, however replacing the title of Louis XVI "King of the French" with a revolutionary motto instead.

![image](https://i0.wp.com/numismatics.org/collectionimages/19001949/1920/1920.147.226.obv.noscale.jpg?ssl=1)
![image](https://i0.wp.com/numismatics.org/collectionimages/19001949/1920/1920.147.226.rev.noscale.jpg?ssl=1)
![image](https://i0.wp.com/numismatics.org/collectionimages/19001949/1920/1920.147.235.obv.noscale.jpg?ssl=1)
![image](https://i0.wp.com/numismatics.org/collectionimages/19001949/1920/1920.147.235.rev.noscale.jpg?ssl=1)
![image](https://i0.wp.com/numismatics.org/collectionimages/19001949/1920/1920.147.248.obv.noscale.jpg?ssl=1)
![image](https://i0.wp.com/numismatics.org/collectionimages/19001949/1920/1920.147.248.rev.noscale.jpg?ssl=1)

Towards the end of the French Revolution, things were desperate. There was a great shortage of hard cash, due to hording and other factors. So a novel solution was rolled out: pillage. All over France churches were ransacked, and the silver ornaments of the church, as well as church bells (made from Bronze), were confiscated and melted down in order to be used for minting new coinage.

In 1792 alone no fewer than 100,000 church bells were melted down and converted into coins.

Here are some examples of "Bell money":

![image](https://www.numiscorner.com/cdn/shop/files/1306451R_270x@2x.progressive.jpg?v=1729699477)
![image](https://www.numiscorner.com/cdn/shop/files/1511696R_270x@2x.progressive.jpg?v=1726768901)
![image](https://www.numiscorner.com/cdn/shop/files/1510166R_270x@2x.progressive.jpg?v=1722456020)
![image](https://www.numiscorner.com/cdn/shop/files/1288722R_270x@2x.progressive.jpg?v=1720073016)

> Note the yellowish color typical of Bronze, pure copper having a much more orange hue.

Banknotes in the form of the Assignat continued to be issued during the Revolutionary years. They were supposed to be essentially backed by vas confiscated properties of the Church.

But since France had to use hard cash for it's foreign trade, it quickly ran out of precious metals. So the money printer went burrrrrr in order to fill the shortfall. Again, a familiar story.

A Assignat of 25 sols, printed following the French Revolution
![image](https://thebrunelmuseum.com/app/uploads/2024/06/Capture-decran-2024-06-05-a-15.20.48-1024x635.png)

> Note the "all-seeing eye" at the top of the banknote, which is also featured on today's US dollar bills. The "all-seeing eye" is a common part of Freemason iconography. There were many prominent Freemasons who played pivot roles in the French Revolution, including advisors to the King, authors, pamphleteers and other historical figures. To this day two of the largest French Freemasonry lodges share the revolutionary slogal of "Liberté, égalité, fraternité". It's a deep rabbit hole that I won't get into here.

An Assignat from the 1792 issued at a face value of 400 livres
![image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/FRA-A73-R%C3%A9publique_Fran%C3%A7aise-400_livres_%281792%29_2.jpg)

The introduction of Assignats was quickly followed by the emergence of fake notes, prompting printers to look for increasingly sophisticated ways of combating counterfeiting. The authorities tried out a number of techniques: watermarks, the application of an embossed seal or identical seals on front and back, or the application of different signatures.

A 10-sous Assignat from 1792
![image](https://katzauction.b-cdn.net/imgs/113/113P_IKTZ103.jpg)

> bottom of the note reads: "Counterfeiting shall be punishable by, Informers shall be rewarded by the nation".

There was also a lot of experimentation with new coinage and currency forms.

In 1793 a 5 décimes coin was minted, supposedly it represented the regeneration of the French Nation.

![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photo5860.jpeg)

Private money also circulated in the form of "Monnaies de confiance" (tokens) and "Billets de confiance", (privately bearer notes).

Here are some examples:

![image](https://www.coinarchives.com/1ae462c139a7a679d3c482d95919a6d5/img/mdc/e11/image00653.jpg)
![image](https://www.coinarchives.com/fbf3187f47e5fbb85a66355b9f28e2c6/img/mdc/e11/image00654.jpg)
![image](https://www.coinarchives.com/897ea1d2b2046d9b57d790c2e1f71da3/img/mdc/e11/image00655.jpg)
![image](https://www.coinarchives.com/aba8897393a7f05aa4252842316b4afb/img/mdc/e11/image00656.jpg)

"Billets de confiance" - small denomination bills that were privately issued and themselves backed by large denomination Assignats held by the issuer.

![image](https://i0.wp.com/www.historyworkshop.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Courville-billet.jpg?resize=467%2C303)
![image](https://i0.wp.com/www.historyworkshop.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/sectnBibtq.jpg?resize=608%2C481)

Many new symbols and slogans were introduced during the Revolution, which have been depicted on French coins ever since. For example the the Gallic rooster along with the rallying cry of "Liberté, égalité, fraternité".

A coin issued much later in 1912 depicting both of these symbols
![image](https://accuratepmr.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Image-1-1.jpg)

# The Directory takes power

The year is 1795, the Directory takes power. During this period, the French Franc was reissued, having previously been used in France (between 1360 and 1641).

The republican authorities replaced the old monetary units of account with a rationalized decimal system based on Francs, Décimes, and Centimes

Pretty simple: 1 Franc = 10 Décimes = 100 Centimes.

This decimalization was part of a far reaching reform that also dealt with the decimalization of weights and measures in the country, as well many other edicts and revolutionary restructuring of the country.

A new 5 Franc coin depicting Hercules was issued
![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photos/france/10434-original.jpg)
![image](https://en.numista.com/catalogue/photos/france/10433-original.jpg)

And various other coins under the new Franc were also issued:

5 centimes from 1795
![image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/France_1795-96-A_5_Centimes.jpg/1280px-France_1795-96-A_5_Centimes.jpg)

2 centimes from 1799
![image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/France_1799_2_Decimes_%28pattern%29.jpg/1280px-France_1799_2_Decimes_%28pattern%29.jpg)

And Assignats contintinued to be issued, albeit under the new denominations of Francs:
![image](https://katzauction.b-cdn.net/imgs/127/127P_LVS15.jpg)

The French economy was in continual crisis during the Directory. The Assignat had fallen to a fraction of its value and prices soared. The Directory then stopped printing Assignats and restored the value of the money but this caused a new crisis where prices and wages fell. This caused economic activity to slow to a standstill.

# Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon Bonaparte seizes the reigns of power and rules from 1799 to 1814.

Napoleon Bonaparte's monetary policy included establishing the Bank of France, a central bank that would issue currency. A new age of central banking in France was born.

The bank was intended to be independent from the government, with the express purpose of promoting business rather than serving as a state fund. In 1803, the bank was given the exclusive right to issue paper money in Paris.

The 1000 Franc note, worth about 2 year’s salary for an average worker of the day.
![image](https://blog.napoleon-cologne.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/billet-mille-francs-germinal-1803-banque-de-france.jpg)

In 1806, Napoleon accepted the canons taken from the Battle of Austerlitz to be melted down and used to make minting presses. The presses were inscribed with the words "Brass taken from the enemy at Austerlitz".

A 17th century French engraving of a screw press.
![image](https://www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk/siteassets/test-blocks/another-test/screw-press.jpg)

Napoleon's monetary policy helped to revive the French economy and restore confidence in the money.

A Napoleonic 1 Franc Silver coin.
![image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/France_1803-A_1_Franc.jpg/1280px-France_1803-A_1_Franc.jpg)

A Napoleonic 20 Franc Gold coin.
![image](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/France_1803-04-A_20_Francs.jpg/1280px-France_1803-04-A_20_Francs.jpg)

> Interestingly, after the Revolution the The French Republican Calendar was often depicted on coins, starting on September 22, 1792 and increases by one year every autumnal equinox. The years were denoted by the letters "AN" (French for "year") followed by Roman or Arabic numerals.

Napoleon managed to defeat almost all of France’s continental enemies including Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Italy in most engagements. However, the economic looting of Europe stressed out the conquered territories and pushed them into rebellions against him. Additionally there was an immense imbalance in economic power between Britain and France. France may have occupied Europe, but Britain had it's empire vast behind it and could therefore mobilize more economic resources, raw materials and labour than France.

# Closing out

Thanks for reading!

If you liked this write-up, sling some sats my way. If the post does well I'll keep writing them!

Also, lease take the above research piece with a pinch of salt. I've done my best to verify the details, but I may have made some mistakes! For all those history buffs out there, please let me know if you spot any errors. :-)

### Sources

Images in the article are taken from various source on the internet.

And,

The above write-up is largely written by me, however I've copied and modified some sections of the text. Here you can find my sources:

https://coinfaq974389709.wordpress.com/2019/01/31/what-type-of-coinage-was-used-in-france-part-i-pre-revolution
https://numismatics.org/exhibits/france-inflation-and-revolution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Directory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_livre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assignat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_tournois
https://en.numista.com/forum/topic4602.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_franc
https://www.worldcoindatabase.com/datesystems.php?page=fr
https://www.numiscorner.com/blogs/news/bell-metal?srsltid=AfmBOoohquMBzySE6cKNUdmgqiHJdtOxzaLp9jYGOyu8MDWSDFgWaft3
https://thebrunelmuseum.com/collection/french-revolutionary-banknote/
https://www.etymonline.com/word/livre
https://www.left-horizons.com/2023/12/11/napoleons-war-economy
https://blog.napoleon-cologne.fr/en/creation-of-the-bank-of-france-by-napoleon-bonaparte-2-2/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9
https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/capitalism/radical-object-billets-de-confiance/
https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0040.005/--counterfeiting-in-18th-century-france-political-rhetoric?rgn=main;view=fulltext
https://www.citeco.fr/en/assignat-press-french-revolution


a little article about the french revolution for SN

there are lots of coins and medals minted in the modern period that, with a little patience and practice, can be acquired for below spot. 

for ancient coins it can happen too, but it's much less common 

sounds good to me, keep an eye out for the next post in the coming days 👍