In the mid-1990s, cognitive scientist David Chalmers pondered what he referred to as the “hard problem of consciousness,” which (to put it simply) asked why humans have subjective experience—a far cry from the integration of information that can be described by modern neuroscience. In the ensuing three decades, scientists and philosophers alike have developed numerous theories that are a possible answer to this “hard question,” with names like Global Workspace Theory and Integrated Information Theory.