Use the cellular network in any capacity and you would be tracked in some way or another, using a SIM provider like Silent Link to pay anonymous ESIMs would still make you susceptible to triangulation even if the internet provider was out the question.
Airplane Mode + no SIM is the only way to my knowledge, even with no SIM and airplane mode you can still interface with the cellular network by calling 911 etc.
Gotcha. Even so graphene seems like a great improvement
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They go through more in detail here: https://grapheneos.org/faq#cellular-tracking
Very detailed FAQ also.
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